Ions

Ions

Ions are electrically charged particles formed when atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons. They play a central role in chemistry, biology, physics, and even daily life. Without ions, many…
Electron

Electron

The electron is one of the most fundamental particles in physics. Discovered in 1897 by J.J. Thomson, it is a key building block of matter and a vital component of…
Neutron

Neutron

The neutron is a fundamental subatomic particle found in the nucleus of atoms. Discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick, neutrons, together with protons, form the atomic nucleus. Unlike protons and…
Proton

Proton

The proton is a fundamental subatomic particle that, together with neutrons and electrons, makes up atoms — the building blocks of all matter. Discovered in 1917 by Ernest Rutherford, the…
Why Earth Is Magnetic

Why Earth Is Magnetic

Earth behaves like a giant magnet, creating a magnetic field that extends far into space. This invisible shield, known as the magnetosphere, protects life from harmful cosmic and solar radiation.…
What Is the Ionosphere?

What Is the Ionosphere?

The ionosphere is a special region of Earth’s upper atmosphere, located roughly between 60 and 1,000 kilometers above the surface. It is filled with charged particles (ions and electrons), created…
Astrobiology

Astrobiology

Astrobiology is the scientific field that studies the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. It combines knowledge from astronomy, biology, chemistry, geology, and physics to answer…