Science Observer

Sound is a type of mechanical wave that travels through a medium—such as air, water, or solids—by causing particles to vibrate. It is a fundamental part of our sensory experience,…

Ice cores are frozen time capsules that preserve the story of Earth's climate across hundreds of thousands of years. Drilled from glaciers and ice sheets in Antarctica, Greenland, and alpine…

Glaciology is the scientific study of glaciers, ice sheets, snow, and other forms of frozen water on Earth. This branch of geophysics explores how ice forms, moves, interacts with the…

Quarks are elementary particles and one of the fundamental building blocks of matter. Alongside leptons (such as electrons), quarks form the foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics. They…